Ilimi game da tsufan roba

1. Menene tsufar roba? Me wannan ke nunawa a saman ruwa?
A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, adanawa da amfani da roba da kayayyakinsa, saboda cikakken aikin abubuwan ciki da waje, halayen zahiri da sinadarai da halayen injiniya na roba suna raguwa a hankali, kuma a ƙarshe suna rasa ƙimar amfaninsu. Wannan canjin ana kiransa tsufan roba. A saman, yana bayyana a matsayin fashe-fashe, mannewa, taurarewa, laushi, alli, canza launi, da kuma girman mildew.
2. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar tsufan roba?
Abubuwan da ke haifar da tsufan roba sune:
(a) Iskar oxygen da iskar oxygen a cikin roba suna fuskantar amsawar sarkar 'free radical chain reaction' tare da ƙwayoyin roba, kuma sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta karye ko kuma ta yi kama da juna, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin halayen roba. Iskar oxygen tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilan tsufar roba.
(b) Ayyukan sinadarai na ozone da ozone sun fi na iskar oxygen yawa, kuma suna da illa sosai. Hakanan yana karya sarkar kwayoyin halitta, amma tasirin ozone akan roba ya bambanta ko robar ta lalace ko a'a. Idan aka yi amfani da shi akan robar da ta lalace (galibi robar da ba ta cika ba), tsagewa suna bayyana a daidai inda matsin lamba ke ƙaruwa, wato, abin da ake kira "fashewar ozone"; idan aka yi amfani da shi akan robar da ta lalace, fim ɗin oxide ne kawai ke samuwa a saman ba tare da tsagewa ba.
(c) Zafi: Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na iya haifar da fashewar zafi ko haɗuwar zafi ta robar. Amma babban tasirin zafi shine kunnawa. Inganta yawan yaduwar iskar oxygen da kunna amsawar iskar oxygen, ta haka ne ke hanzarta yawan amsawar iskar oxygen na roba, wanda wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari - tsufar iskar oxygen ta zafi.
(d) Haske: Da zarar hasken ya yi gajere, haka nan makamashin zai yi yawa. Lalacewar robar ita ce hasken ultraviolet mai ƙarfi. Baya ga haifar da fashewa kai tsaye da haɗin sarkar kwayoyin roba, hasken ultraviolet yana samar da 'yanci saboda shan makamashin haske, wanda ke farawa da hanzarta tsarin amsawar sarkar oxidation. Hasken ultraviolet yana aiki azaman dumama. Wani halayyar aikin haske (wanda ya bambanta da aikin zafi) shine cewa galibi yana faruwa akan saman robar. Ga samfuran da ke da yawan manne, za a sami tsagewar hanyar sadarwa a ɓangarorin biyu, wato, abin da ake kira "tsagewar Layer na waje na gani".
(e) Damuwar Inji: A ƙarƙashin maimaita aikin matsin lamba na inji, sarkar robar kwayoyin halitta za ta karye don samar da 'yanci masu guba, wanda zai haifar da amsawar sarkar iskar shaka kuma ya samar da tsarin sinadarai. Rage sarkar kwayoyin halitta da kunna hanyoyin iskar shaka na inji. Wanda ke da iko ya dogara da yanayin da aka sanya shi. Bugu da ƙari, yana da sauƙi a haifar da fashewar ozone a ƙarƙashin aikin damuwa.
(f) Danshi: Tasirin danshi yana da fannoni biyu: roba tana lalacewa cikin sauƙi idan aka fallasa ta ga ruwan sama a cikin iska mai danshi ko kuma a nutsar da ita cikin ruwa. Wannan saboda abubuwan da ke narkewa cikin ruwa da kuma rukunonin ruwa masu tsabta a cikin roba ana cire su kuma ana narkewa ta hanyar ruwa. Sakamakon hydrolysis ko sha. Musamman a ƙarƙashin canjin aikin nutsar da ruwa da fallasa shi a cikin yanayi, lalata robar zai hanzarta. Amma a wasu lokuta, danshi baya lalata robar, har ma yana da tasirin jinkirta tsufa.
(g) Wasu: Akwai hanyoyin sinadarai, ions na ƙarfe masu canzawa, hasken rana mai ƙarfi, wutar lantarki da ilmin halitta, da sauransu, waɗanda ke shafar roba.
3. Waɗanne nau'ikan hanyoyin gwajin tsufa na roba ne?
Ana iya raba shi zuwa rukuni biyu:
(a) Hanyar gwajin tsufa ta halitta. An ƙara raba ta zuwa gwajin tsufa ta yanayi, gwajin tsufa mai sauri a yanayi, gwajin tsufa na adanawa ta halitta, yanayin halitta (gami da ƙasa da aka binne, da sauransu) da gwajin tsufa na halitta.
(b) Hanyar gwajin tsufa mai sauri ta wucin gadi. Don tsufa mai zafi, tsufa mai ozone, ɗaukar hoto, tsufa mai yanayi ta wucin gadi, tsufa mai hoto-ozone, tsufa mai halittu, hasken rana mai ƙarfi da tsufa mai amfani da wutar lantarki, da tsufa mai amfani da sinadarai.
4. Wane irin zafin jiki ya kamata a zaɓa don gwajin tsufa na iska mai zafi don nau'ikan roba daban-daban?
Ga robar halitta, zafin gwajin yawanci shine 50~100℃, ga robar roba, yawanci shine 50~150℃, kuma zafin gwajin wasu roba na musamman ya fi girma. Misali, ana amfani da robar nitrile a 70~150℃, kuma robar silicone fluorine gabaɗaya ana amfani da ita a 200~300℃. A takaice, ya kamata a tantance ta bisa ga gwajin.